TURNER'S 
SKETCH    BOOK 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


•Class 


TOPOGRAPHICAL 
RECORD   AND    SKETCH    BOOK 


FOR   USE   WITH 


TRANSIT  AND   STADIA 


BY 


DANIEL   LAWRENCE   TURNER,  C.  E. 

Associate  Member  American  Society  Civil  Engineers 
Instructor  in  Surveying  and  Hydraulics,  Harvard  University. 


NEW  YORK 

THE  ENGINEERING  NEWS  PUBLISHING  COMPANY 
1902 


QUA    G'A( 


Copyright,  1901,  by 
THE   ENGINEERING   NEWS   PUBLISHING    COMPANY. 


INTRODUCTION. 

This  record  and  sketch  book  is  the  outcome  of  efforts 
in  teaching  students  topographical  surveying.  Sketches 
are  always  desirable  in  this  work ;  and,  if  properly  made, 
the  number  of  points  necessary  to  develop  any  particu- 
lar area  is  thereby 'reduced.  To  be  most  useful,  sketches 
should  be  approximately  to  scale,  and  should  clearly  in- 
dicate the  configuration  of  the  area  covered. 

It  is  almost  impossible  for  beginners  in  topography  to 
make  sketches  that  are  of  any  value;  and  it  is  difficult 
in  many  cases  for  even  the  experienced  topographer  to 
do  so. 

A  sketch  book  with  concentric  circle  and  radial  rul- 
ings was  first  tried  by  the  author  in  1896.  The  results 
proved  to  be  so  satisfactory  that  in  1890  a  book  con- 
taining such  rulings  was  printed  for  students  in  the  au- 
thor's classes,  where  it  has  since  been  used  v/ith  gratify- 
ing results.  Believing  that  such  a  book  may  also  be  ap- 
preciated by  fellow  teachers  and  by  engineers  and  sur- 
veyors generally,  it  is  with  pleasure  that  it  is  now 
placed  at  their  disposal. 

The  method  of  using  the  book  is  almost  self-evident. 
The  vertical  rulings  are  of  such  form  that  they  may  be 
readily  adapted  to  almost  any  method  of  recording. 
They  are  suitable  for  level  notes,  and  also  for  the  ordi- 
nary land  survey  and  traverse  records.  The  right-hand 
page  can  be  used  for  any  kind  of  sketching. 

For  topographical  work  the  form  of  record  shown  on 
the  next  page  is  suggested. 


INTRODUCTION. 


For  stadia  station  sights — in  addition  to  azimuths — 
fore  and  back  magnetic  bearings  should  be  read  and  re- 
corded. It  is  not  necessary,  however,  to  provide  an  ex- 
tra column  for  recording  these  magnetic  bearings.  They 
can  be  noted  down  under  the  corresponding  azimuth  on 
an  extra  horizontal  line.  It  is  essential,  though,  that 
they  be  noted  down,  in  order  that  they  may  serve  as 
witnesses,  should  errors  be  afterwards  discovered  when 
plotting. 

Remembering  that  in  most  cases  it  is  only  necessary 


July  "5.,  \S98. 
Oc.  B  IV     El  e.  93.27      H.  I,  4-.70 

S-ra. 

am 

AT:. 

Dish 

Vert.  L. 

Diff. 
EVe. 

Ele. 

Remarks. 
B.5. 

N  87°'55'W 

688 

'  &5  . 

63°/0' 

1080 

+6°0f 

Saddle. 

46 

67°25' 

8ZO 

+'3°I8' 

Ft.  Slope. 

47 

etc. 

etc. 

etc. 

13  Y 

82°  19' 

-5=33- 

-Z°I2' 

F.  5. 

NK°ie'E 

531 

to  reduce  to  the  horizontal  the  distances  between  stadia 
stations,  such  corrected  distances  may  be  noted  under 
the  distance  read,  in  the  same  extra  horizontal  line  pre- 
viously used  for  the  magnetic  bearings. 

With  regard  to  the  "side  shots" — the  sights  taken  to 
determine  the  position  of  the  controlling  points  in  the 
configuration — they  should  be  numbered  continuously 
through  adjacent  stadia  stations,  except  when  the  to- 
tal number  taken  at  the  several  adjacent  stations 
runs  up  into  the  thousands.  If  not  numbered  in  this 
manner,  two  or  more  plotted  shots  may  happen  together 
on  the  sheet,  and  so  cause  confusion  when  interpolating 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

for  contours.  Also,  such  numbering  saves  time  when 
it  becomes  necessary  to  look  up  the  record  in  order  to 
check  the  plotting.  The  azimuths  of  side  shots  need 
only  be  read  to  the  nearest  five  minutes. 

In  determining  the  necessary  data  for  obtaining  ele- 
vations, it  is  often  convenient  to  sight  at  the  rod  at  some 
point  above  or  below  the  H.I.  point,  and  in  such  cases  a 
+  or  —  correction  indicating  this  can  be  noted  under  the 
''remarks"  column.  The  columns  headed  "Differences 
of  Elevation,"  and  "Elevation"  are  for  the  office  reduc- 
tions. 

The  right-hand  page  of  the  book  is  reserved  for  the 
concentric  circle  and  radial  rulings  upon  which  the 
sketches  are  drawn.  The  concentric  circles  are  one- 
quarter  of  an  inch  apart;  corresponding  conveniently 
to  scales  of  100,  400,  or  800  feet  to  the  inch,  which  ever 
may  be  most  suitable  to  the  work  in  hand.  The  topog- 
rapher predetermines  the  scale  to  be  used  in  each  par- 
ticular case.  The  radial  lines  are  10°  apart,  the  posi- 
tion of  a  point  being  easily  interpolated  to  the  nearest 
degree. 

As  soon  as  the  recorder  has  noted  down  the  observed 
azimuth,  distance,  and  vertical  angle  on  the  left-hand 
page,  he  proceeds  to  plot  the  corresponding  point  ap- 
proximately in  its  true  position  on  the  sketch  page. 
Each  point  being  designated  by  its  number.  As  fast 
as  the  controlling  points  are  plotted  the  sketch  is  drawn 
in.  It  is  not  mxessary  to  reduce  the  elevations  in  the 
field,  the  sketch  as  drawn  need  only  indicate  the  config- 
uration. 

DANIEL  LAWRENCE  TURNER. 

Cambridge,  Mass.,  May,  1901. 


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TABLES    SHOWING    HORIZONTAL 

DISTANCE   AND 
DIFFERENCE   OF   ELEVATION 


For  stadia  readings  of  100  units  at  various  vertical  angles.    The 
values   of  other  readings    are  obtained    by    multiplying  the 
quantities  under  the  proper  vertical  angle  by  the  stadia 
reading  divided  by  100;    for  instance,   if  the   stadia 
reading  is  204  and  the   vertical   angle  5°   the 
horizontal    distance   is    found    by   multiply- 
ing 99.24  by  2.04. 


These   tables   were    computed    by    Mr.    ARTHUR    WINSLOW    (now 

General  Manager  and  Consulting  Engineer  of  the  Liberty  Bell 

Gold  Mining  Co.,  of  Kansas  City,   Mo.),   and  first  appeared 

in  a  report  of  the  Pennsylvania   Geological  Survey. 


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